“SECRET” SOLDIERS OF THE CIVIL WAR

Private Albert D.J. Cashier of the 95^th Illinois Infantry was captured by Confederate defenders during the Siege of Vicksburg in May of 1863. An aggressive and hard-fighting soldier, Cashier managed to escape by physically overpowering the guards, seizing a weapon and outrunning a squad in hot pursuit. Cashier went on to fight in at least a dozen battles and skirmishes with the 95th throughout the Red River campaign and into the heart of Louisiana. Private Cashier was with the Army of the Cumberland when after six days of bombardment it broke through Confederate defenses in one of the conflict’s great drives toward Richmond and victory.  Known throughout the regiment for bravery and fearlessness in combat, Cashier overcame all odds to finish the war without wound or injury.  But “Albert” carried a secret thru all that campaigning.  Private Cashier’s real name was Jennie Hodgers, a female immigrant from Ireland who had decided that in her new land, men had a better future than women.

            Jennie was not alone. I have personally researched and verified at least 240 similar Civil War stories and agree with the experts in believing that as many as 1000 “secret” female warriors served on both sides during that titanic struggle. Martha Parks Lindley (AKA James Smith) served with the 6^th U.S. Cavalry where her skill with horses as well as with sword and carbine saw her promoted to Sergeant twice.  And then there was Lieutenant Harry T. Buford, a southern officer who raised a Company of fighting militia and led them into battle. The self-proclaimed “Lieutenant’s” real name was Loretta Janeta Valazquez and her hunger for action took her to several battlefields, where she was once wounded and twice injured, still managing to disguise her gender despite medical treatment (a scenario which brought most female disguises to light). After two years of field service she became an undercover spy for the Confederate government, making a real name for herself in espionage history.

            Sarah Edmunds serving with the 2^nd Michigan Infantry as Private Franklin Thompson, shouldered a musket, carried the mail (very dangerous duty), and tended the wounded through many engagements, including the costly battle of Fredericksburg, about which Edmunds carried searing memories for the rest of her very active life. (She wrote a book when it was all over.) Another “secret” soldier at Fredericksburg somehow managed to delay the birth of a child – surprising General Ambrose Burnside to say the least – until the battle was over.

            It is known that at least five female soldiers fought at Gettysburg, including two Confederates who died in Pickett’s Charge, and a third who was shot, captured and had a leg amputated in a Northern hospital.

            One of the most fascinating of all these stories is that of Marie Lewis of the 8^th New York Cavalry, a black woman who had escaped slavery, and passed herself off as a white male through 18 months of military service fighting for the cause of abolition, actually being selected to serve on a special honor guard presenting captured Confederate flags to the War Department in Washington.

            Once “discovered”, female soldiers were often kept in their chosen regiment to nurse the wounded or otherwise serve in a support role. Most were promptly discharged and sent home where they were apt to be treated with disrespect by disapproving civilians.

            In a particularly violent war and in an era in which men were expected to do the fighting, why would so many women wish to endure the everyday hardships of camp life and the welter of combat in such numbers?   For many, the reasons were not that different than their male counterparts: patriotism, devotion to a cause, and the attraction of bonuses and regular pay. Some were trying to escape either an unhappy and unfulfilling home life or the oppressive social restrictions of the times. By far, most female soldiers enlisted to be with and support husbands, brothers, fathers or sweethearts, and many did so openly and with the knowledge of their commanders – especially in the South.  One Confederate General said “they fight like demons; I wish I could recruit a hundred more.” 

 

Confederate Lieutenant Harry Buford on the left and Loretta Janeta Velazquez on the right were one-and-the-same.  Wealthy enough to afford false facial hair and body-molding wire bracing, this southern lady managed to show up on battlefields in the east and in the west, in addition to engaging in espionage. It is believed she may have been involved in the planning of an early Lincoln assassination prior to the Ford theatre event. She remains a controversial historical figure to the present day.
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P.S.  Ironically, Al Cooper, a descendant of abolitionist/Union forbears, was honored by then Governor  Zell Miller of Georgia with an appointment as “Lieutenant Colonel” in the Georgia State Militia for interstate cooperation during the Olympic Games.

WHEN THE NICKEL WAS KING - DINING IN DEPRESSION-ERA AMERICA

As a very young lad, I was invited (read required) to accompany my dowager aunt on her weekly shopping pilgrimages to New York City, riding the No. 86 bus across the George Washington bridge, then enduring the noisy subway ride into the “downtown” area. As a “New Jersey country-kid” I did not look forward to these events; I was always uncomfortable when on the other side of the Hudson River, and bored stiff by long hours spent in such department stores as R.H. Macy’s, Gimbals, Altman’s and McCreary’s. My Aunt Molly was a product of a once well-to-do family living in Depression times, and her well-intentioned frugality was a source of extended-family humor. Verging on parsimony, her shopping strategy seemed to require frequent questioning of product pricing with vendors of all kinds; to my embarrassment and even horror. If there was one thing I actually enjoyed in these big-city ventures though, it was “lunch time”.

            Growing up in first the depression era and then the World War II rationing years, “eating out” was both an infrequent and penurious experience. I remember visiting a “real” restaurant only once in all those years and not fondly,(the tuxedo-clad host – to my red-faced embarrassment -  required me to put on a child’s generic necktie, which he was good enough to provide from a back room!).

            While most often our “city” lunch consisted of a toasted club sandwich served at the fountain counter of a F.W. Woolworth store, my interest always perked up when told that we might eat at a Horn & Hardart “Automat”, one of which could be found in each of several downtown locations. To a New Jersey kid, the Automat, with its long wall of enticing views of pies, cakes and fancy deserts was a dose of visual magic. All you had to do was insert nickels in the appropriate slot and voila, the glass door opened and you could claim the object of your choice to carry back to your table. No waitress. No complicated menu. No printed receipt. No tips.           Main entrees usually featured such simple and satisfying comfort foods as macaroni-and-cheese, baked beans, chicken pot pie, creamed spinach (not my first choice as I recall), and cole slaw. With a minimum of prudence, a hungry adult could have a filling meal for less than one dollar (my scrupulously nickel-conscious aunt usually managed to feed us both by “sharing”). All a patron needed was a handful of nickels, purchased if needed, from the cashier conveniently located just inside the front door. Of course what the diners never got to see was the small army of cooks and servers hidden behind the magic windows, preparing and instantly replacing each food item as its’ attractively-labeled serving niche was emptied from the customer side.

            The genius behind the whole idea was the partnership of Joseph Horn from Philadelphia and Frank Hardart of New Orleans, pioneers in the whole concept of cafeteria dining and production-line food preparation.  During the heyday of the Philadelphia and New York City operations, more than 500,000 Automat patrons were being served each day.

            In its’ prime time, the lowly nickel could buy a ride on a bus or subway, a phone call, a 12 ounce bottle of Pepsi or Nehi, a cup of coffee, a double-feature movie ticket, or . . . a pretty-darn good piece of cherry pie at a Horn & Hardart Automat.

 

Surrounded by art-deco chrome and gilding, a Horn & Hardart vending wall featured individually cooled or heated compartments accessed by nickels inserted in coin slots.